In a global context of population ageing, migration and forced displacement, questions of transnational and translocal social protection remain paramount. Migrants and refugees at different stages of the life course seek social protection through a variety of channels: from formal state-based pension and social security schemes; cash transfers and humanitarian initiatives; to informal forms of social protection through kinship, religious networks, neighbourhood support groups, co-operatives and civil society organizations. Cutting across these different spaces are financial institutions and markets in promoting ideas and products around individualized future security. Piecing together these different forms of social protection is far from seamless and there are numerous inequalities that migrants and refugees confront in securing social protection and wellbeing, where some are eligible for formal support and others are excluded.
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